Reserach Proposal on Leadership Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reserach on Leadership - Research Proposal Example Transformational administration is progressively observed as basic, not just in the serious scene of an association, yet in addition to the leader’s sway on group adequacy (Grant, 2012; Ozaralli, 2003). Progressively, pioneers are not just confronted with the test of how to present change, yet additionally how to oversee change (Watkins, 2004), which appears to be particularly significant when the presentation of the new pioneer is the change. Watkins (2003) takes note of that on normal twelve workers are affected by another director. This finding infers that what the new pioneer on the move does would influence a wide system of workers and, henceforth, execution inside the association. Since transformational authority is regarded as basic for group execution, this exploration study looks to inspect the connection between transformational administration style and group adequacy for new pioneers experiencing significant change, with an uncommon spotlight on proficient informati on based work groups Problem/Opportunity Statement Most associations in the present business atmosphere are profoundly reliant on pioneers to lead associations to progress. This reliance is particularly so in the present high serious business condition portrayed by high pioneer turnover, visit change, and high responsibility to partners (Grant, 2012; Hoffman, Bynum, Piccolo, and Sutton, 2011; Stewart, 1992). The issue is that associations and pioneers have neglected to execute viable initiative progress activity plans, which may prompt negative impacts, for example, pioneer pressure, diminished profitability, higher turnover, and insufficient group execution (Gilmore, 2003). Understanding the job of transformational initiative in administration progress and the effect that it has on group adequacy would be a fundamental asset in understanding create compelling authority change plan. Both Wageman, Hackman, and Lehmen (2005), who proposed a model of group adequacy in an authoritative setting, and Manderscheid and Ardichvili (2008), who proposed a combined model incorporating administration progress hypothesis that proposes powerful group connections are the consequence of fruitful initiative changes, set that transformational initiative style might be a basic achievement factor for group viability and the accomplishment of new pioneers (Appelbaum and Valero, 2007). Watkins (2004) kept up that, to quicken the progress and gather speed, the new pioneer must be able to draw in and impact numerous people all through the association â€Å"using vision, aptitude and drive† (p. 16). Not at all like all around prepared pioneers who may make them comprehend on what works in groups or how to deal with different difficulties that emerge in fresher groups that they are confronted with, new pioneers come up short on the experience of managing such difficulties. Most just have hypothetical information. Past writing have portrayed transformational administration as the best in empowering group execution and viability (Wageman, Hackman, and Lehmen, 2005). Despite the fact that there is meaningful research on initiative style and group adequacy, there is less on new pioneer change (Manderscheid and Ardichvili, 2008). The vast majority of the examination have concentrated on techniques to be utilized in progressing a pioneer (Manderscheid, 2008), formal mediations that associations need to embrace in making a difference

Costs of Workplace Conflicts Essay Example for Free

Expenses of Workplace Conflicts Essay Not all cost factors are pertinent to each contention, yet every contention acquires a few of these expenses. 1. Lost work time Managers’ Time: Studies show that 42% of a chiefs time is spent on struggle related dealings among representatives. Over 65% of execution issues result from stressed connections between representatives, not from deficiencies in singular workers expertise or inspiration. Individuals’ Time: Studies show that 52% of representatives have lost work time agonizing over how they have been dealt with. 22% have purposely hindered their work because of inconsiderate or obtuse conduct. Strain and stress lessen inspiration and upset focus. Lost 25% (doing things other than business related exercises, for example, examining the contest, playing PC games, discovering motivations to escape the territory) diminishes a normal work week to less than 20 hours. 2. Non-appearance and Illness Non-appearance has been appeared to relate with work pressure, particularly the pressure related with outrage toward associates. Science has discovered that about each physical ailment and injury, from viral contaminations toâ cancer to working environment mishaps, is incompletely psychogenic. That is, caused to some extent by mental or enthusiastic conditions. 3. Heath costs It is assessed that 75 †90% of all visits to essential consideration doctors are for stress related issues. Since the pace of cases influences the premium paid by a business to its safety net provider, protection is a backhanded expense of work environment struggle. An expected 16% of representatives feel that poor relational relations are a wellspring of worry at work. The all out estimation of lost work time because of stress is evaluated to be $1.7 billion. Working environment stress and business related clash are among the main eight reasons why representatives demand directing help. 4. Decreased choice quality Choices made under states of contention are sub-par compared to choices made when participation wins. The best dynamic happens when there is a free-streaming of data. When there is a contention, it isn't remarkable for data to be retained or misshaped. In the event that contention is available between individuals who share dynamic position, as on account of group based choices, the subsequent choices are probably going to be polluted by the force battles between those individuals. 5. Rebuilding Frequently, plan of work process is changed trying to lessen the measure of communication required between representatives in strife. Frequently the rebuilt work is less productive than the first structure. 6. Loss of talented workers Studies show that 12% of representatives have left a place of employment to keep away from an impolite associate. Seventy five percent of individuals who felt they have been tormented grinding away have exited their positions to cause the harassing to leave. Interminable uncertain clash goes about as a definitive factor in at any rate half of takeoffs. 7. Cost to supplant worker Struggle represents up to 90% of automatic takeoffs, with the conceivable exemption of staff decreases because of cutting back and rebuilding. It’s evaluated that the genuine expense of turnover is comparable to one entire years pay (finding and preparing substitutions, consumer loyalty and maintenance, brought down proficiency for all who work with fresh recruit). 8. Harm/burglary/harm Studies uncover an immediate connection between's predominance of representative clash and the measure of harm and burglary of stock and gear. Frequently undercover damage of work forms and of management’s endeavors happens when representatives resent their manager. 9. Lower confidence Every now and then, most representatives experience disintegration of occupation inspiration because of the pressure of attempting to coexist with a troublesome individual. To calculate the money related expense, as a standard figure, utilize the efficiency that would have happened had no contention happened. At that point, gauge a rate decay of that profitability. Increase that rate times the dollar estimation of the all out remuneration of the person(s) influenced. 10. Legitimate expenses Partnerships that have created shared peace promotion frameworks report noteworthy prosecution cost investment funds: Brown and Root detailed a 80% decrease in outside case costs, Motorola announced a 75% decrease over a time of six years, NCR revealed a half decrease and a drop of pending claims from 263 of every 1984 to 28 out of 1993. 11. Other? Strife is a genuine case of how mischief can be created in the working environment and of how this damage overflows into families and networks. Such mischief incorporates both internal coordinated damage (self-destructive conduct, carelessness, fomented melancholy and maltreatment of liquor, drugs) and external coordinated articulations (undermining conduct, enthusiastic and additionally obnoxious attack, tormenting, badgering, ambush, abusive behavior at home, street rage). Outline Workplace stress costs US industry $300 billion per year in truancy, turnover, reduced efficiency, clinical, legitimate and protection fees.xv The best burdens originate from relational clashes.

EmotionaI Intelligence (EI), Management, and Leadership-Sheila Essay

EmotionaI Intelligence (EI), Management, and Leadership-Sheila - Essay Example This isn't a simple undertaking since the present age is loaded with rivalry. Individuals are ever contending with each other for things, for example, advancements, employments and assets (Bateman and Snell, 2007). Consequently, in a transition to accomplish my goal, I should perform obviously superior to my rivals. Aside from giving an investigation of enthusiastic knowledge on authority, the examination endeavors to transfer a portion of the prerequisites that one should have in a transition to prevail in the realm of business. Initiative is very unique and with the goal for one to be a decent pioneer, the person in question should be as powerful as authority itself. During the twentieth century, for an association to make progress, directors were to concentrate basically on the company’s association scale notwithstanding appropriately characterizing the degrees of power (Ashkenas et al., 2002). This isn't the situation any longer since when the 21st century set in, so did various changes, for example innovation. Corresponding to examines led by Ashkenas et al.(2002), it is a result of innovation that there was fast change in the methods of working together. This is on the grounds that dissimilar to previously, not exclusively is there brisk client reaction yet in addition adaptable techniques notwithstanding fast item improvement. Because of this investigation, it is obvious that in the following five years there will be sure changes also. Henceforth, so as to accomplish my goal, I must be in the kn ow regarding the present changes as they happen. As I would see it, when I become the VP of an emergency clinic, my jobs would not be very troublesome. This is on the grounds that my present calling is very like that of a VP of a wellbeing association; the main distinction is that there will be more staff to oversee and appoint obligations. This is on the grounds that simply like the VP, in my present calling I am additionally accountable for the organization’s

Prison Overcrowding in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jail Overcrowding in the United States - Essay Example This has driven into prisoners being constrained into open quarters and twofold bunking in a solitary cell. Numerous pundits have named such congestion as dehumanizing and debasing for prisoners. It is additionally conflicting to the present remedial changes that underline on expanding the open doors that are accessible to prisoners (Farrington 222). The United States reports the most elevated number of imprisonment rate on the planet. Toward the year's end 2009, the imprisonment rate was 743 grown-ups per 100,000 individuals. U.S. Department of Justice Statistics cites that 2,266,800 individuals were detained in the US state, government and province imprisons before the finish of 2010. This is roughly 0.7% of the US grown-up occupant populace. Moreover, there were 4,933,667 grown-ups before the finish of 2009, who were on parole or probation. Hence, the all out number of grown-ups under remedial oversight sums to 7,225,800. This is around 3% of the all out populace of US grown-ups (U.S. Department of Justice Statistics). The quantity of adolescent confinements was 86, 927 out of 2007. In spite of this expanded numbers, the crime percentages have been demonstrated to be on the abatement. 70% of detainees in the US are non-white. The states with the most noteworthy proportion of imprisonment incorporate Louisiana, Oklahoma and Mississippi. Roughly 90% of the prisoners include guys. The all out number of outside detainees is assessed at 6% (U.S. Department of Justice Statistics). There are a few reasons for this relevant issue. There has been an expansion on the quantity of guilty parties that are sent to jail. This can be ascribed to high paces of recidivism, which have been on the ascent. There has been an expanded pace of guilty parties that arrival to jail for ineffectively finishing or disregarding network management. The expanded number of guilty parties can likewise be credited to new criminal offenses that have been added to the punitive code. Particular sorts of offenses have harsher punishments coming about in

ESL Insights 8 English Writing Techniques You Probably Didnt Know

ESL Insights 8 English Writing Techniques You Probably Didnt Know If writing in English is a challenge for you, youre not alone. An article on the Oxford Royale Academys website, a leading international summer learning program in the UK, discusses the many reasons why English is a difficult language to learn and write. Among those reasons include:The large number of rules (and then exceptions to those rules!)Word orderWords that are pronounced differently than they are spelledHomophones (words that sound the same but are spelled different and have different meanings)Synonyms that arent interchangeableIdiomsRegional dialectsTraces of archaic English left over in the languageHowever, despite these challenges for English language learners, writing in English can be an exciting way to explore how words interact with each other through various literary devices, otherwise known as literary techniques. English language writers have been using these techniques for centuries to make their writing stand out and memorable for readers. In this article, we will explore some of the best English writing techniques to use to take your writing to the next level and move beyond the basics. The best part isâ€"whether you are just learning to write in English or have been writing for decades, these techniques will always enhance your writing and make it more enjoyable for audiences to read.1. Metaphor and SimileMetaphorical writing is the power of poets and should be a part of your daily writing practice if you want to enhance your English writing skills. A metaphor is a figure of speech that forms a comparison, whether implied or implicit, between two unrelated things. In other words, a metaphor draws a connection or resemblance between two different or contradictory things. A simile, by comparison, is a metaphorical expression that uses the words like or as.Lets look at a few examples:My brother is the black sheep of our family. Note that this metaphor draws a comparison between ones brother and a sheep (two ordinarily unconnected things) in o rder to be descriptive. A black sheep is considered less valuable than white sheep, so it stands out from the flock. Being compared to a black sheep shows that the writers brother was the odd one out in their family and likely looked down on or disenfranchised for some reason.Her smile is as bright as the sun. In this simile, a womans smile is being compared to the sun, and they are (obviously) two different things. However, through this simile, the writer is able to express a smile that is exceptionally bright and cheerful, even if it is exaggeration (or hyperbole, which is also another great English writing technique).2. HyperboleHyperbole is the deliberate use of exaggeration and claims that are not meant to be taken literally. Many times, an expression can contain both hyperbole and simile, such as the sentence used in the paragraphs above, Her smile is as bright as the sun. The reader understands that her smile was not literally the same as the sun but the hyperbole allows the writer to express emphasis in an engaging and creative way.3. Alliteration, Consonance and AssonanceAlliteration is the intentional repetition of consonants at the beginning of a series of words within a passage for auditory emphasis. Consonance is very similar to alliteration, except it is the repetition of consonant sounds within words (as opposed to the beginning of them). Conversely, assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds within words (as opposed to consonant sounds).These literary techniques are popular in genres like poetry and are great ways to bring attention to a particular part of a sentence through subtle or overt auditory emphasis. The human ear is attracted to repeated sounds and picks up on alliteration and assonance in such a way that makes ordinary writing more appealing. And its incredibly simple to do!4. ForeshadowingForeshadowing is a literary and writing technique in which a writer gives hints to his or her reader about events that will happen later in the s tory. This can be done subtly, through imagery, or more directly as a kind of all-knowing (omniscient) voice within the narration. For example, when a character walks into a room and sees a cut red rose dying on the windowsill, it could foreshadow something else or someone else that would soon die. Watching a sunrise could foreshadow the birth of a baby or the birth of a new understanding of life, while watching the sunset would foreshadow the end of a life or way of living.Foreshadowing requires a working knowledge of imagery and how it can be used in a story to give more depth to characters and situations.5. AllusionAllusion is when a writer references a person, place, thing or idea that has some sort of historical, cultural, or literary significance. For example, if a writer mentions that a character is a regular Einstein, the reader should be able to understand that the character is highly intelligent. Likewise, if the backyard of a home is described as a Garden of Eden, the rea der understands that it contains lush landscaping and potential fruit trees, like the Biblical Garden of Eden.The reason allusion is such a powerful English writing technique is its way of simplifying complex ideas into a few words, or even just one word. For example, a writer can use the word Quixotic to allude to the famous hero of Don Quixote, written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and published in 1605. Quixote is an example of a character with overblown idealism, and the name is now synonymous with the pursuit of lofty ideals through unrealistic and over-the-top chivalry. Alluding to him, even briefly, suggests much about the authors philosophy and thematic elements of the writing. It deepens the writing to levels beyond reading the words at face value.6. ImageryImagery is the use of figurative language that appeals to our physical senses to represent ideas or objects. When you see the word imagery, you might at first only associate it with what can be seen (as in, a visual image). However, imagery is much more than thisâ€"it involves all five of the senses.When using imagery in your writing, you stir your readers interest by engaging their sensory experience. In providing details related to sights, sounds, smells, sensations and tastes, your writing can jog a readers memory or make a reader feel like he or she is in the same place youre writing about. This is the power of imagery and why you should make extensive use of it as an English writing technique.7. IronyIn English writing, irony is the use of words to express something other than, or the opposite of, the literal meaning. Think of it as the difference between appearance and reality. Here are a few examples of verbal irony (or irony that might be spoken in narration or dialogue):They get along like cats and dogs.That roast was as tender as leather.They enjoyed the show as much as a cat enjoys a bath.Irony can be situational, as well, such as when a car is photographed parked beneat h a no parking sign. Another example of situational irony might be when a groomsman writes an obituary (instead of a congratulatory speech) for a grooms wedding day reception.8. SarcasmIt makes sense that wed discuss sarcasm after discussing irony, because sarcasm is an extreme form of verbal irony (as opposed to situational irony). To help you understand a little more about sarcasm, lets look at the root definition of the word. LiteraryTerms.net puts it like this: Sarcasm comes from the Greek words sark meaning flesh, and asmos meaning to tear or rip. So it literally means ripping fleshâ€"a pretty bloody image for a type of speech that we use all the time!A final note on moderationAs with any great thing, moderation is a good rule to follow. Too much use of any of the English writing techniques weve discussed above can have the opposite effect from what you intended and actually lower the quality of your writing. You should also avoid overcrowding your writing with figurative langu age, metaphorical expressions and auditory emphasis unless you are writing poetry or some other kind of highly stylized form. Rememberâ€"with these techniques, a little goes a long way in strengthening your writing.

Kelley School of Business

I recently attended the MBA Experience Event at Indiana Universitys Kelley School of Management. The school-sponsored visit introduced several of us admissions counselors to faculty and students, and gave us the opportunity to attend a class and talk with those in career services and admissions. Kelley is located in Bloomington, Indiana, about an hour south of the nearest airport in Indianapolis. The MBA program is housed in the new Godfrey Center, in the heart of the campus. Roughly 440 students attend Kelley. New students are assigned to 3-5 member study teams with whom they work the entire first semester. The Integrated Core, team-taught, covers content from every business discipline. One grade is given for the entire semesters work, and includes class participation and professional conduct components. Collaboration and presentations are heavily stressed throughout the curriculum. LPCD (Leadership, Professional and Career Development) sessions are held weekly throughout the first semester. In the second year, the LDI (Leadership Development Institute) is required, and emphasizes training and coaching to further develop leadership skills. Electives begin the second semester of the first year to help students acquire the deeper knowledge needed for a successful internship experience. Majors and minors are offered in Finance, Marketing, Management (Strategy, International Business, Consulting), Entrepreneurship Corporate Innovation, Supply Chain Operations, Accounting and a design your own option. Kelley also offers a certificate in Social Entrepreneurship: Nonprofit and Public Benefit Organizations. Marketing and Entrepreneurship Corporate Innovation are Kelley strengths. The Johnson Center for Entrepreneurship Innovation has several cross-campus initiatives and collaborations with such other departments as Medical Life Sciences, Law, Science and Music. It offers MBA students internship programs and intensive immersion projects. A unique feature of Kelleys MBA is its Academy Program. For one week each semester, all classes and activities stop, and students focus on this activity designed to customize their degree plan. Academies are faculty-driven and allow students to gain practical training and skills through a variety of activities, such as full-immersion visits to companies in major cities, mini-internships commissioned by corporate partners, and consulting projects. A primary objective is to facilitate student access to a network that fits her or his career path. There are 8 academies: Business Marketing, Consulting, Consumer Marketing, Corporate Finance, Entrepreneurial Management, Investment Banking, Investment Management, and Supply Chain Global Management, plus one in Life Sciences that students may elect to participate in as an addition. Students are placed in Academies based on their top 3 ranking and faculty input. Students are encouraged to participate in at least one international experience trip. The Kelley International Perspective is student initiated and organized, and includes a classroom component as well as a 10-day visit to the specific country. Talking with the students, many of them stressed the schools collaborative culture and the usefulness of the Academy experience, especially for the practical skills and knowledge they gained. Placement services are ranked high, though those interested in investment banking indicated a need to be more pro-active in seeking out opportunities outside the Midwest. The Admissions Director says the average GMAT score for 2008 is 670, and that a strong GPA is important. Admitted students have an average 5 years of professional experience, with 2-3 years the minimum. The school looks for candidates who have a passion for business and a diversity of experiences. Communication skills are paramount for those who want to stand out from a crowded cohort and/or for those with a checkered past. An interview before submitting an application is an excellent way to demonstrate such skills.

How to Make Friends in College

Lets be honest: making friends in college can be scary. If youre heading to college for the first time, chances are you only know a few people, if that. If youre at a school where you feel like you dont have any friends, it might seem like its too late to focus on making new ones. Fortunately, your time in college is like no other. It is forgiving and built for you to learn and explore, especially when it comes to making friends. Challenge Yourself Making friends in college is a challenge. Know that making friends at school is going to require a little effort on your part. While friendships can blossom naturally, it takes some energy to go out and meet your soon-to-be-friends for the first time. So challenge yourself to step outside of your comfort zone. Do some of the social activities during orientation week sound lame? Yup. But should you go to them anyway? Most definitely. After all, do you want to experience a little awkwardness (the event) for long-term benefits (meeting people), or do you want to experience a little comfort (staying in your room) in exchange for long-term disadvantages (meeting people who might turn into friends)? A little effort now can pay off quite a bit later when it comes to making friends in college. So challenge yourself to try something new, even if it sounds unusual for you or a bit scary at first. Know That Everyone in College is New If youre a first-year student, nearly everyone in your class is brand new. Which means that everyone is trying to meet people and make friends. Consequently, theres no reason to feel awkward or shy about chatting up strangers, joining a group in the quad, or outreaching to as many people as possible. It helps everyone! Additionally, even if youre in your third year in college, there are still new experiences for you. That statistics class you have to take for grad  school? Everyone in it is new to you, and vice versa. The people in your residence hall, apartment building, and the club are all-new, too. So reach out and talk to folks whenever you find yourself in a new situation; you never know where your new best friend is hiding. Know That Its Never Too Late to Start Over in College   One of the best things about college is that its designed to help you grow. Just because you were focused on figuring out what you wanted to major in during your first two years doesnt mean that you cant, for example, join a fraternity or sorority your junior year. If you didnt realize your love of reading and writing poetry until you took that rockin course last semester, know that its not too late to join the poetry club. People come in and out of social spheres and cliques all the time in college; its part of what makes college great. Seize those kinds of opportunities to meet new people whenever and wherever you can. Keep Trying Alright, so this year you wanted to make more friends. You joined a club or two, looked at joining a sorority/fraternity, but its now two months later and nothings clicking. Dont give up! Just because the things you tried didnt work out doesnt mean the next thing you try wont work, either. If nothing else, you figured out what you dont like at your school or in certain groups of people. All that means is that you owe it to yourself to keep trying. Get Out of Your Room If you feel like you dont have any friends, it can be tempting to just go to class, maybe go to work, and then head home. But being alone in your room is the worst possible way to make friends. You have 0% chance of interacting with new people. Challenge yourself a little bit to be around other people. Do your work in the campus coffee shop, library, or even out on the quad. Hang out in the student center. Write your paper in the computer lab instead of your room. Ask some students in your classes if they want to make a study group together. You dont have to be best friends right away, but you will end up helping each other with your homework while also getting some time to get to know each other. There are tons of ways to put yourself in situations where meeting people and making friends can happen organically—but being in your room all the time isnt one of them. Get Involved in Something You Care About Instead of making friends being your motivating factor, let your heart lead the way. Find a campus organization or club, or even one in your neighboring community, and see how you can get involved. Chances are, along with the good work youll be doing, youll find some people with similar values as you. And chances are at least one or two of those connections will turn into a friendship. Be Patient With Yourself Think back to when you were in high school and the friendships youve maintained from there. Your friendships probably changed and morphed from your first day of high school to your last. College is no different. Friendships come and go, people grow and change, and everyone adjusts along the way. If its taking you a little time to make friends in college, be patient with yourself. It doesnt mean you cant make friends; it just means you havent yet. The only way you will end up definitely not making friends in college is to stop trying. So as frustrating  as it may feel and as discouraged as you may be, be patient with yourself and keep trying. Your new friends are out there!

Rules And Regulations In The Money Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2854 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The need for a money market arises because receipts of economic units do not coincide with their expenditures. Money market instruments are generally characterized by a high degree of safety of principal. Maturities range from one day to one year; the most common are three months or less. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rules And Regulations In The Money Market Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Active secondary markets for most of the instruments allow them to be sold prior to maturity. Unlike organized securities or commodities exchanges, the money market has no specific location. Trading in the money markets involves Treasury bills (MTB), commercial paper (CP), bankers acceptances (BA), and negotiable certificate of deposit (NCD). It provides liquidity funding for the financial system. The money market consists of financial institutions and dealers in money or credit who wish to either borrow or lend. Money market trades in short-term financial instruments commonly called paper. This contrasts with the capital market for longer-term funding, which is supplied by bonds and equity. Surplus units can hold money balance, transactions balances in the form of currency, demand deposits, or other form of money market instrument to insure that planned expenditures can be maintained independently of cash receipts. Surplus units holdings of money market instruments that can be co nverted to cash quickly and at a relatively low cost and that have low price risk due to their short maturities. Economic units can also meet their short-term cash demands by maintaining access to the money market and raising funds there when required. The money market encompasses a group of short-term credit market instruments, futures market instruments, and the Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) discount window. The major participants in the money market are commercial banks, governments, corporations, government-sponsored enterprises, money market mutual funds, futures market exchanges, brokers and dealers, and BNM. Financial institutions play three important roles in the money market. First, they borrow in the money market to fund their loan portfolios and to acquire funds to satisfy noninterest bearing (commercial bank are allowed to provide current account which noninterest bearing). Banks are the major participants in the money market activities, which are very short-term, ove rnight loans from other financial institution, funds that can be transferred between banks within a single business day. The funds market efficiently distributes reserves throughout the banking system. The borrowing and lending of reserves takes place at a competitively determined interest rate known as the Overnight Policy Rate (OPR). Financial institutions can also borrow on a short-term basis at the BNM discount window and pay a rate of interest set by the BNM called the discount rate. A banks decision to borrow at the discount window depends on the relation of the discount rate to the OPR rate, as well as on the administrative arrangements surrounding the use of the window. Financial institutions also borrow funds in the money market for longer periods by issuing large NCD and by acquiring funds in the money market. A large denomination NCD is a certificate issued by a financial institution as evidence that a certain amount of money has been deposited for a period of time, usually ranging from one to six months and will be redeemed with interest at maturity. Background of the Study The recent events in the financial markets and their adverse effect on many dealers in money market have raised questions about the future of the money market industry, as well as calls for regulatory reform. The existing money market model has proven to be hugely popular with investors, and aspects of that model are likely to survive any review. It is clear, however, that the money market industry and BNM will consider several variations on the existing product that may address some of the shortcomings that have been exposed in globalization and liberalization environment. The adverse impact of the recent financial crisis on money market especially during Asian financial crisis has exposed risks inherent in their regulatory scheme. As a result, the money market industry and BNM are keeping updating changes to the existing regulatory money market product. The BNM review the extraordinary steps taken in recent years by regulators to address the crisis and discuss changes in the b usiness and regulation of money market in response to recent financial market developments. Literature Review According to Joseph R. Fleming, John V. OHanlon, and Hila Shamir (2009) The Future Of Money Market: Implications Of The Recent Turmoil, BNM took a series of extraordinary steps designed to stabilize the financial system. During this period money market faced special challenges. A steep decline in the market value of shares of companies across a broad spectrum of the economy placed downward pressure on the valuations of corporate debt held by money market at the same time that investor insecurity resulted in record redemption requests from all funds, including money market securities. The impact of the market turmoil on two large, high-profile money market funds was widely reported. Many other money market were on the brink of breaking the buck, and avoided that fate only by obtaining capital support from their management companies or affiliates. The crisis facing money market highlighted the crucial role the funds play in the modern economy. By serving as the primary purchasers of commercial paper (CP) issued by corporate, money market provide the short-term financing that a broad range of companies rely on to run their day-to-day operations. When this critical source of funding began to dry up, concerns over the prospect of a credit crunch hobbling the economy became acute. In response, BNM took a series of steps in an attempt to support price stability and restore liquidity of money market funds According to G. David MacEwen, American Century Investment (2009) Money Market: Reviewing Their Role in Your Investment Portfolio, Investor sentiment has been on the change and riskier assets, including high-yield CP, have rebounded sharply. Yet, investors in high-quality cash equivalent securities continue to face stubbornly low yields. This scenario owes its existence to BNM, government, and market responses to the changes on rule and regulation and global recession. Significant sections of the financial markets are still functioning largely because of gover nment support and accommodative monetary policy from BNM. In particular, the Asian financial crisis prompted the BNM to slash the OPR rate target to a range of 13% to 4%. The BNM unprecedented action was designed to stimulate the economy, bolster the profitability of financial services companies, and increase liquidity in the financial system. Meanwhile, yields for Malaysia Treasury Bill (MTB) are already at rock-bottom levels, and yields for other taxable and tax-exempt money market continue to decline, and could fall further. On top of that, the extraordinary market and economic events forced many investors to abandon the time-tested strategy of diversification. Maintaining a long-term view has been tough, and many investors sat on the sidelines or overloaded their portfolios with cash-equivalent investments (MTB, CP, NCD, and BA). The heightened demand for these conservative investments, combined with BNM monetary policies, sent their yields to record lows, creating challen ges for investors who value income above all else. Challenges of Money Market Global financial environment characterized by unstable money markets, increasingly frequent episodes of financial stress and structural financial imbalances and the profound changes arising from advances in technology and the globalization process, the issue of money market stability has been accorded the highest priority. Indeed, the global community is presented with the challenge of regulatory reform to address the increasingly complex and heightened risks following these developments. Achieving an efficient, effective and stable financial sector is a fundamental enabling requirement for sustainable money market growth. The regulation of financial institutions is most effective where there is already a sound regulatory framework in place that provides for adequate reporting, monitoring of capital adequacy, risk management controls and customer disclosure so that in order to ensure that institutions know their customers to prevent money laundering. Sound regulation can help en sure problems of asymmetric information are overcome, as if customers lack confidence in a financial institution then this may result in a financial panic, in the case of a bank a run on deposits threatening the collapse of the institution. During the G-20 Finance Ministers and Governors Meeting in November 2009, the IMF has crafted seven principles for exit policies which are Intended to Establish Common Ground for the Design and Implementation of Policies During the Exit from the Extraordinary Support Measures Taken During The Crisis. The recommends that the timing of exits be dependent on the state of the economy and the financial system, and should err on the side of further supporting demand and financial repair. Policy stimulus and other critical support measures should be withdrawn only when there is firm evidence of durable financial stability and a self-sustaining recovery in private demand. To anchor market expectation, it is important to stress the need for the exit pl ans to be well established early and communicated clearly by the policy makers to the public. Financial institutions have demonstrated that they are vulnerable to the collective draw to money market activities aggressively when times are good, only to excessively less trading when the economic cycle experiences a downturn. This behavior amplifies the impact of the economic cycle on bank lending and is termed as pro-cyclicality. The recent sub-prime crisis underscores the severity of the boom and bust consequences of the pro-cyclicality feature of money market in particular and activities of the financial institutions in general. Unfortunately, present available measures and regulations are gravely inadequate to manage this pro-cyclicality. Many have argued, for instance, that the Basel II capital adequacy requirement (CAR) is inadequate, especially during a financial crisis or economic slowdown. The risk-weighted averages is incomplete as it does not attach sufficient weight t o macro prudential risk and liquidity risk. The Basel II capital requirement focuses solely on the relative weight charged against different classes of assets. Moreover, many reports have also drawn attention to different interpretations of the weights associated with different assets of different BNM. Furthermore, there has been too much focus on the risk associated with commercial paper, rather than on the level of leverage building up in the whole financial system. In particular, the regulation evaluates each bank independently and in isolation, largely without much regard to spillover and feedback effects. In any case, until recently, many believed that when financial institutions are strong, it is a sufficient condition for financial stability. By contrast, on a wider perspective, the objective of regulation is to reduce the probability of distress for the entire financial system. The source of distress incorporates a host of potential channels, including interdependence and linkages among financial institutions through clearing and settlement systems, and common exposures. Prospect of Money Market The Malaysian Financial Sector Masterplan represents the blueprint for the development of the financial sector over a 10- year period. The plan, which was launched in 2001, places importance on the development of Malaysia Banking and Money market sector as an important component in the financial system. To achieve this objective, emphasis is being given to financial infrastructure and institutional development, aimed at enhancing efficiency of the system and building the internal resilience and competitive position of the money market operators, while meeting the needs of the nation. This includes providing the foundations for the development of the financial markets and strengthening the institutional development. As part of this process, the benchmarking exercise is an important tool to enhance performance and to guide the money market operators on improvement of their business strategies. To reinforce this, a service quality index has also been initiated to promote the developme nt of world-class products and services. This is also complemented with a comprehensive consumer education programme so as to promote product transparency and increase accountability. The introduction of financial advisers is also a further element to facilitate consumer access to a wider range of financial products. Money Market is ascending to greater prominence in the global financial system and has fast extended beyond major industrial economies. This growing significance is a manifestation of the viability of money market as a financial intermediation channel that supports economic growth and development of nations. While it was initially developed to fulfill the needs of the investor, money market has now gained universal acceptance. The appreciation of its promising potential has prompted interest amongst financial institutions to venture into this fast expanding market. At the heart of this expansion emerged the need for the development of the regulatory dimension to e xplicitly address the unique features product offers by money market. At present, money market has to a large extent, been governed by the regulatory framework, and reinforced by accounting standards. However, Islamic money market come in force, is distinct from money makret activities in terms of its underlying philosophy on the prohibition of interest, which in turn shapes the nature of its financial transactions, and its risk attributes. It believes money market compasses 80% of overall conventional and Islamic money market activities. The forces of globalization, financial liberalization, technological advancements, greater competition and financial innovation have created new risks which are more complex and which have more profound systemic implications. Accordingly, to manage these risks, prudential regulation and supervisory oversight have become more demanding and challenging. To ensure the money market regulators and supervisors are able to respond effectively to the ch anging environment, the Basel Committee has revised its Capital Accord to be more riskfocused and risk-sensitive. The evolution of an appropriate financial structure would need to take into account the role of the money market in the economy and the objectives that need to be achieved. The appropriate financial structure, particularly in emerging market economies, needs to be designed to meet the requirements of the need of investor in investing in money market. The financial system needs to be in a position to support the real sector, changing and evolving with the changing needs of the economy. The strategy adopted by BNM is to develop a comprehensive financial system that is able to operate in parallel with the Islamic financial system The Malaysian Financial Sector Masterplan further provides the environment that will encourage active participation in financial institutions in the secondary money instruments. The next phase in this development is the raising of funds from this market by multinational corporations and multilateral institutions. As the volume increases, it would strengthen the inter-linkages and integration amongst the financial centres. In addition to structuring a variety of attractive off-the-shelf instruments, efforts need to be intensified to create a benchmark yield curve for future issues. With a well developed system, the trading of instruments would encourage the free flow of capital movements and would in turn facilitate greater Islamic fund management activities. Conclusion Dynamic financial system is to achieve the ultimate objectives of developing an money market that will be able to contribute significantly to the overall development of our economy through the intermediation process. Thus money market needs to extend its agenda towards the development of a comprehensive financial system. The money market should strive to add value towards enhancing greater integration to the economy and the financial system. To harness the potential fully, genuine endeavours to develop and innovate money market instruments and activities that are able to fulfill the changing requirements of the economy and the emerging needs of the contemporary global market place need to be continuously pursued. Conferences such as this can contribute invaluable ideas to foster new initiatives towards the development of the financial system. With the acceleration of its global integration, it will provide the synergies and opportunities for the money market industry to evolve into an important component of the international financial system that can contribute to enhance prospects for balanced global growth and shared prosperity. Amongst the most imminent challenges is the creation of the critical mass in the market to allow for meaningful cross-border alliances at the regional and global level. The establishment of an adequate number of money market operators in the market is also crucial to provide the groundwork for the setting up of more operators, in terms of sustaining business support and providing the economies of scale in order for the money market industry to develop. On top of that, government play important role in the development of the money market industy. The role of the government is, amongst others to provide the enabling environment and put in place from the outset, the necessary infrastructure through the formulation of a comprehensive set of legal and regulatory framework for money market. In addition, this framework needs to be re inforced by a BASEL framework to ensure that all financial transactions are acceptable by investor. The challenge to develop regulatory standards that remain to efficiency of money market is an important element in the development and growth of the financial institution. The development of financial system that is able to contribute towards stability and balanced global growth needs to be achieved in the context of a rigorous and robust legal, regulatory and supervisory regime. This is reinforced by effective supervision, strong framework and an efficient judiciary system that promote confidence and soundness in the Islamic financial system. It is with the combined commitment and concerted efforts by the regulators, the industry and market participants that these goals can be achieved.

A Jewel Through The Decades The Sapphire - 2498 Words

A Jewel through the Decades: The Sapphire Izaic Yorks Comm 489: ISS Black Cultural Studies March 4, 2015 You know what I can’t stand for? I cannot stand it when black women talk, now hold on. You know exactly what I mean, they’re angry, hell hath no fury like a black woman, and yes indeed I cannot stand it. I cannot stand it when black women speak in media portrayals. They take the perfectly decent image of women and warp their blackness and gender into something that’s cancerous and embarrassing. In this short essay we will explore how the image of the Sapphire has been preserved in the media (specifically film) despite the apparent strides in black rights. To understand this though we have to look to two planes of realities, blackness and gender. To understand how they are interlinked we must understand the individual properties and repercussions blackness/gender have had separately. Then we can infer the devastating effect the two have mixed together†¦ In tackling this subject we will: 1.) Examine the Sapphire first as a result of blackness A.) Come to a common agreement on the definition of the namesake: Sapphire B.) Explore the roots of the Sapphire paradigm C.) The Sapphires transition into widespread highly consumed media format. 2.) Look at the Sapphire as a result of sexism A.) Shortly explore the sexism problem in the patriarchal society of the United States B.) Examine how sexism is subtly embedded in culture 3.) Finally integrating the twoShow MoreRelatedChocolat Advertisement: A Healthy and Luxurious Treat Essay784 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation will suffer from a chronic illness that will cost thousands of dollars to treat. (Fight Chronic Disease) Many people, organizations and companies are doing something to help stem the tide. Endangered Species Chocolate is one such company. 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Fiscal Policy And Fiscal Policies - 1046 Words

Fiscal Policy Generally fiscal policy is the set of strategies that government implements or plans to use with certain activities such as the collection of revenues and taxes and expenditure that can influence the overall economic condition of the nation. A well written or planned fiscal policy can lead the nation to the steady path of the strong economy, increase employment and also maintains healthy inflation. Every country needs fiscal policy as fiscal policy plays a vital role on monitoring the pattern of the flow of nation’s expenditure to the economy and also the nation’s revenue generated from the economy. It also helps to stimulate the economic growth during the period of economic recession. The main aim of the fiscal policy is to maintain a steady fiscal growth with respect to both higher and lower economic cycle. There is an intimate relationship between fiscal and monetary policy though these both entities are conducted for different purposes. These are basically not the a lternative but the complement to each other. Fiscal policy always supports monetary policy during the time of recession such as Global Financial Crisis of 2008.Many countries enacted lots of stimulus plans related to fiscal policy in order to cope with the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. Among those India also adopted many different new techniques of fiscal policy in order to survive during the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. India is a federal democratic country located in South Asia regionShow MoreRelatedFiscal Policy And Fiscal Policies1193 Words   |  5 Pagesrecession to containing inflation, achieving full employment to increasing economic output. Fiscal policy is one of the tools often used to realise these goals and create financial stability. There are two ways in which fiscal policy can be implemented, either a contractionary fiscal policy, or an expansionary fiscal policy, which I will explore in this assignment. 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Shoes with Soul Two Friends Realize a Dream Free Essays

Shoes With Soul: Two Friends Realize a Dream 1. Renee Albertelli and Richard Rodriguez had certain things about their personality characteristics that helped them navigate the struggles of starting any kind of business. One of these characteristics they demonstrated is something every owner needs in order to run any type of business, which is having passion, enthusiasm, and determination, with these characteristics are needed to launch their new business. We will write a custom essay sample on Shoes with Soul: Two Friends Realize a Dream or any similar topic only for you Order Now The excessive interest and energy they had to start this business never failed them; it was the most essential fuel for their vision on how they want to fully build their business. Albertelli’s characteristics portrayed how unselfish she is because of her current job, it allowed her to travel to different parts of the world and opened her eyes and made her aware and realize how many people from these different parts of the world earned their money. Also, both Albertelli and Rodriguez were both risk takers, they enjoyed seeing the options that potentially fail, but keep it at something positive, aside from being risky, they were committed because they both cashed in their retirement plans in order to fund the production of the products they want to sell. 2. Rodriguez and Albertelli’s decision to focus their marketing efforts on the Artisans who made the shoes was a wise decision. Giving the credit to those who worked hard in creating these shoes creates a belief that would be appealing to their consumers. The belief and idea of their business becomes the trademark of the company, and they will be remembered for their honest ways of wanting others to know where their product is created. This could potentially be a huge hit to those who share the same beliefs and values in wanting to credit those who devote their lives to certain things. The women’s desire to make a living and provide for their families by preparing the leather, designing, and assembling each paid of sandals was very impressive, and without them the product could never have been made. Personally, anyone who has any share in any type of business deserves to be given credit throughout the company’s success. Because without them there would be no business to work with. I’m quite impressed with the way they took their cause and made it a business but stayed devoted to who worked hard completing it. This product could easily have the influenced consumers who share the same admiration Albertelli had and purchase the product because of the positive belief the product has. 3. The management challenges that might cause Shoes with Soul to stagger would probably be the lack of experience. Even though Albertelli and Rodriguez are indeed educated and are knowledgeable in their current arrangements of marketing and finance, they probably aren’t aware or familiar with certain tasks when it comes to being a new business entrepreneurs’. This could be a down fall because of having to seek different advice from different people who could potential help, or harm them. There is a huge possibility that they might face stiff competition from other firms that have been running in the business longer than they have. However, if this business begins to grow and develop, they will need to hire employees who will assist them in running their business because the work load may become too over bearing. Some ways to avoid these â€Å"stumbling blocks† and allow them to guide their new business to success is to develop a new distribution channel, create new products, and cost cutting measures. By doing so, this could open a new door for consumers to see the business developing and exploring to expand, yet doing it in a costly matter rather than having expensive products take control of their company. This allows the country to stick to its main morals, beliefs, and values. How to cite Shoes with Soul: Two Friends Realize a Dream, Papers

Global Market Research Heineken in Australia-Get Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Market Research of Heineken. Answer: Background of the Research The Heineken Company was founded in the year of 1864 by Gerad Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. Currently its operations divided into five regions that are Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, The Americas, Africa and the Middle East, and Asia Pacific. Within these areas the company has nearly 120 brewing plants in more than 70 countries (Colen and Swinnen 2016). However, it is the first time that Heineken is planning to make their presence in the Australian market. Currently in Australia, top beer companies are Cascade Brewery, Castlemaine Perkins, Coopers Brewery and Hahn Brewery (Johnston et al. 2016). However, from the current beer consumption trends, it can be said that if Heineken joins the Australian beer market, then they will have to bear heavy losses. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics, beer accounted for about three quarters of the alcohol consumed by the Australian people in the previous years. However, it now makes up only about 40% of the total consumption (Livingston and Dietze 2016). This clearly states that slowly but steadily beer consumption rate is falling down in Australia. In this scenario it can be said that Heineken managements decision to expand their business in Australia is not an efficient one. Previous Research According to Chikritzhs et al. (2010), consumption of alcohol in Australia was at its peak since 1991-1992. It was expected that consumption rate of any alcohol will increase among the people of Australia in the upcoming years. However, it was mentioned that excise tax on ready-to-drink spirit-based products will increase from April 2008 which will affect the rate of beer consumption in Australia. On the other hand, as mentioned by Janssens et al. (2001), obesity and BMI (body mass index) is another problem among the Australians that is forcing them to consume less amount of alcohol. However, in the research, it is also mentioned that increased amount of alcohol consumption can only affect the male as it slightly increased their BMI. On the other hand, for the female consumers, consumption of beer does not increase their body mass. From this research, it can be stated that consumption beer seems not to confer an increased risk for obesity and overweight among the women. From this ana lysis it can be stated that Heineken has a moderate amount of the chance to become successful in the Australian market as their beer products will have lesser amount of calories and will target only the female customers of the country. However, as per mentioned by Johnston et al. (2016), in Australia the most advertised alcohol product was Wine with a 44% advertisement rate. Advertisement rate of Beer in the country is 24% that clearly exhibits that currently Wine is the most popular product in the Australian market. From this data it can be stated that Heineken will not only compete with existing beer companies, but will also compete with the wine manufacturing organizations in order to gain a stable position in the alcohol market of Australia. Literature review Levy and Shapnel (2014) has stated that the sales of non-alcoholic water based beverage in Australia have increased at the rate of 1.7% p.a. The breakup of the sales regarding this sale can be categorized into non-sugar varieties non-alcoholic drinks and sugar varieties of energy drinks and soft drinks. In the period of 15 years, it is seen that the volume of share of sales has increased from 30% to 42%. On the contrary, the sales of beer and other carbonated drinks have been drastically fallen to 0.7%. The middle-income group people as well as the higher income group people consumed carbonated drinks and beer compared to lower income group people. The drinking culture in Australia as well as in global perspectives has been changed. The decline in drinking culture of beer is the problem for the alcohol and spirited beverages manufacturers across the world. The companies are facing difficulties while determining the issues in drinking cultures among different categories of people. The culture of drinking is related with many influences such as structural and demographic changes, health and advertising promotion, purchasing power of consumers, taste preferences of consumers, buying attitude of consumers towards carbonated drinks, etc. It can be said that the consumers are more health conscious nowadays while purchasing high calorie oriented drinks including beer (Pennay and Room 2016). Jiang and Livingston (2015) stated that alcohol consumption of the Australian consumers is positively associated with the consumers affordability and is negatively associated with the price of alcohol. Author points out the fact that the increasing taxes and prices of alcohol will help in reducing the consumption of alcohol in Australia. Pricing policies of alcohol will cautiously focus on beverage types of individuals. If the price of any alcoholic drink increases then the sales of the substitute alcoholic drinks will be increased substantially. The associations between the fatal injuries and the population level of alcohol are considered as the factors that are responsible for creation of external impacts in the perspective of major policy interventions. The study regarding the alcohol and beer consumption is conducted while quantifying the associations between non traffic and traffic mortality rates and the per capita alcohol consumption among Australian consumers. The major traffic safety initiatives are related to the effects of alcohol consumption to the consumers of Australia (Callinan and Livingston 2014). The level of consumption of beer across the world is unstable after the World War II. It is seen that the per capita consumption of beer has been declined in the countries where beer production is occurring. The technological innovations with the increase of income of people are not responsible for the falling consumption of beer in different countries. In developed countries like Australia, United States, the trends of drinking alcoholic drinks are reducing due to changing preferences (Piron and Poelmans 2016). The effect of consumption of alcohol is related to the cause of many diseases in the consumer of the drinks. The increased risk of disease in esophagus is due to excess alcohol consumption. The risk also increases due to the impact of smoking in the risk of diseases apart from esophageal diseases like cancer. Research has been conducted among the drinkers that most of the consumers of alcohol consume beer (Thrift et al. 2014). It is seen that the trends of consumption of alcohol is falling drastically. Among the other wine and spirited drinks, the consumption of Beer has fallen at a higher rate. The volume of consumption has been shrunk up to 10% considering the past six years. It is the reason of worrying the Australian brewers. The trends of reducing beer consumption among the Australians have forced the brewers to formulate and discover new products that will satisfy the needs of the consumers in Australia along with the profitability of the country (de Gaetano et al. 2016). Statement of the problem Heineken 3 is seeking to launch its new brand of its low calorie drinks in Australian market. However, on initial consumer trials it is seen that the company has obtained a great responses from the respondent consumers. The statement of the problem focuses on the marketing and identification of the opportunities in leveraging the easy drinking and spontaneous consumptions. It is seen that the company is targeting female consumers as they have portrayed the Heineken 3 as a low calorie drink with lower carbohydrate content (Bartram et al. 2017). The case study illustrates that the company is facing issues while conducting marketing research in determining the actual beer consumption occasions among the consumers of Australia. The initial research has pointed out that the consumers want a product that would match their lifestyle without compromise in quality and taste. MDP- In Australia, it is seen that the beer consumption has fallen drastically. It is the reason of targeting the female consumers by spreading awareness of the low calorie oriented beer in the market. By taking this consent, Heineken will be launching its new brand Heineken 3 in Australia where the consumption rate is falling day by day. The management of the company is in dilemma whether the Australian consumers will accept the brand like that of other Heineken products or not. The research objectives of the study is To find out the beer consumption trend in Australia To identify the issues related to falling beer consumption rate in Australia To identify the opportunities for Heineken in launching its new brand in Australian market The research questions of the study is MRP 1: What is the trend of beer consumption rate in Australia? H1- The rate of beer consumption in Australia is decreasing as the consumers are becoming more health conscious. MRP 2: What are the issues that are occurring related to the decreased beer consumption rate in Australia? H2- The issues are related to health and safety i.e. chance of getting obsessed. MRP 3: What are the opportunities that Heineken will be using while launching its brand extension in Australian market? H3- Heineken is targeting female consumers with the low calorie oriented drink. Research Design Role of Qualitative research Qualitative research is known as a method of inquiry used in many dissimilar academic disciplines that includes social sciences and natural sciences but also includes non-academic contexts such as market research, business and service demonstrations by non-profits (Smith et al. 2015. In this particular research it is important to conduct a qualitative research method to understand current beer drinking occasions in Australia. It is known as a more focuses and appropriate method than quantitative method. In quantitative method a research problem is quantified by generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics (Silverman 2016). However, to find out the latest beer drinking trends among the Australian consumers, it is necessary to conduct an exploratory research method which will be able to gain opinions and motivations of the consumers. Qualitative research method will help to collect thoughts and opinions and will uncover latest trends. That is why; q ualitative research would be appropriate for this research. Qualitative research technique Qualitative research methods can be conducted by using several different methods such as interview, focus group, observation, self study, ethnography and action research (Ritchie et al. 2013. For this particular research the methods of focus group and interview will be used. Conducting focus groups with the female consumers of Australia will help to pinpoint the problems of Heineken. On the other hand, it will also help to understand what the consumers are thinking currently about the beer products. Approximate Cost analysis For this proposal, an estimated cost analysis structure is hereby mentioned below. Activities Cost Hours Cost per hour () Total () Questionnaire Design 24 22 528 Questionnaire Printing 60 Questionnaire Handling 36 14 360 Data Entry 12 15 180 Data Analysis 25 22 550 Report Writing 40 15 600 Total 138 88 2278 Time Main activities/ stages Month March Month April Month May Month June Month July Month August Topic Selection Data collection from secondary sources Framing layout of the research Literature review Formation of the research Plan Selection of the Appropriate Research Techniques Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data Collection Conclusion of the Study Formation of Rough Draft Submission of Final Work References Bartram, A., Eliott, J., Hanson-Easey, S. and Crabb, S., 2017. How have people who have stopped or reduced their alcohol consumption incorporated this into their social rituals?.Psychology Health, pp.1-17. Callinan, S., Room, R. and Livingston, M., 2014. Changes in Australian attitudes to alcohol policy: 19952010.Drug and alcohol review,33(3), pp.227-234. Chikritzhs, T.N., Allsop, S.J., Moodie, A.R. and Hall, W.D., 2010. Per capita alcohol consumption in Australia: will the real trend please step forward.Med J Aust,193(10), pp.594-597. Colen, L. and Swinnen, J., 2016. Economic Growth, Globalisation and Beer Consumption.Journal of agricultural economics,67(1), pp.186-207. de Gaetano, G., Costanzo, S., Di Castelnuovo, A., Badimon, L., Bejko, D., Alkerwi, A.A., Chiva-Blanch, G., Estruch, R., La Vecchia, C., Panico, S. and Pounis, G., 2016. Effects of moderate beer consumption on health and disease: A consensus document.Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases,26(6), pp.443-467. Janssens, J., BRUCKERS, L., Joossens, J.V., MOLENBERGHS, G., VINCK, J., RENARD, D. and Tafforeau, J., 2001. Overweight, obesity and beer consumption. Alcohol drinking habits in Belgium and body mass index. Jiang, H. and Livingston, M., 2015. The dynamic effects of changes in prices and affordability on alcohol consumption: an impulse response analysis.Alcohol and Alcoholism,50(6), pp.631-638. Johnston, R., Stafford, J., Pierce, H. and Daube, M., 2016. Alcohol promotions in Australian supermarket catalogues.Drug and Alcohol Review. Levy, G.S. and Shrapnel, W.S., 2014. Quenching Australia's thirst: A trend analysis of water?based beverage sales from 1997 to 2011.Nutrition Dietetics,71(3), pp.193-200. Livingston, M. and Dietze, P., 2016. National survey data can be used to measure trends in population alcohol consumption in Australia.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,40(3), pp.233-235. Pennay, A. and Room, R., 2016. Drinking cultures and change: Local, national and global. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23(1), pp. 267-269. Piron, E. and Poelmans, E., 2016. Beer, the Preferred Alcoholic Drink of All? Changes in the Global and National Beer Consumption Since 1960 and Convergence and Trends Since the 1990s. InBrewing, Beer and Pubs(pp. 205-227). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Thrift, A.P., Kramer, J.R., Richardson, P.A. and El-Serag, H.B., 2014. No significant effects of smoking or alcohol consumption on risk of Barretts esophagus.Digestive diseases and sciences,59(1), pp.108-116.

Japan Value Exchange Rates

The recent crisis in Japan that is currently underway is a major blow to the Japanese economy as a whole and to its currency ratings in international foreign exchange market. At the moment the Tokyo yen exchange rates have already started plummeting by an alarming percentage just few days after the crisis (Langundo).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Japan Value Exchange Rates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A recent report indicates that the Japanese stock market is the hardest hit financially in the aftermath of the imminent explosion of the nuclear power plant which has further compounded an already existing problem (Langundo). Japan recent crisis has caused an â€Å"economic shock† in the country, a situation which comes about when natural disaster like Tsunami hits a country; it is more likely that a further weakening of the Japanese currency against all currencies will be the outcome as the c omplete damage that the tsunami caused is completely assessed in the coming days. This weakening of the Japanese currency which is also known as devaluation of the currency will greatly affect the economy by creating instability in the exchange rates (Aggarwal). The Japanese yen has already appreciated against the US dollar and surplus of the currency may be reported in Japanese market in the coming days which means the Yen is weakening against US dollar which will now become stronger; the only good news is that importers will benefit because of this weakening of Japanese currency but on the other hand exporters will be greatly affected since it will mean there products will lose value. The strengthening of the dollar may be due to immediate measures being taken by various firms and companies such as dumping of shares and massive conversion of already held Japanese Yen’s into dollars (Langundo). The devaluation of the yen literary means that, if the Japanese yen is trading at 70 against the dollar, it is likely to appreciate to about 75 against the dollar which in economics terms implies depreciation or weakening of the yen. The nuclear crisis being experienced is also directly affecting the yen value since majority of investors with shares in this sector have already started dumping their shares. The crisis is also likely to affect the import and export market. Indeed, the crisis has demolished many companies and even the nuclear plant which is one of the main sources of the electricity used in industries and domestic use.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, production in Japan will be affected and the country will be forced to do more importation compared to exportation until everything goes back to normal. Such an effect will also mean that exports will reduce due to decline in production which in turn means unbalanced trade that will eventually cause cash payment deficit to occur in the country (Aggarwal). Consequently, when exports have reduced, there will be an increase in demand for the foreign currency like US dollar. On the other hand, the demand for foreign currency will be followed by a further devaluation of the Japanese yen meaning that the yen will appreciate compared to the US dollar. Due to the devaluation of the local currency the trade of domestic goods and services should be expected to be cheaper compared to trade in foreign goods and services (Smith). However, there are measures that can be put in place to ensure that yen makes a comeback to its original value once again. For instance the central bank of Japan can regulate the strength of foreign currencies by maintaining the current exchange rates through sale of its foreign reserve in order to balance the capital outflow being experienced in the market (Smith). This will cause a shrink in the money supply which will in turn increase the domestic interest rates thereby maintaining stability of the yen currency in the market the international market. Works Cited Aggarwal, M. â€Å"Factors affecting the currency conversion rates† 2008. Web. http://ezinearticles.com/?Factors-Affecting-The-Currency-Conversion-Ratesid=1016704. Langundo, A. â€Å"Tokyo exchange falls sharply to 5 %.† 2011. Web. Smith, O. â€Å"Currency Exchange.† New Delhi: S.N publishers, 2007.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Japan Value Exchange Rates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research paper on Japan Value Exchange Rates was written and submitted by user Alexia Jefferson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reflective Essay Sample That Explain the Process to Choose Three Articles

Reflective Essay Sample That Explain the Process to Choose Three ArticlesA reflective essay sample that explain the process to choose three articles is one of the most important aspects when writing an essay. By reading a three article essay sample and not understanding the process that you need to follow, you will find it hard to write an effective essay.So what are the three things to look for in an essay sample that explain the process to choose three articles? The three tips that I am going to give you can be applied by anyone who is going to choose three articles. You should always be using two different sources for two different topics.A reflective essay sample that explain the process to choose three articles can be done with two different topics. This is the advantage that I like the most when using the reflective essay sample. However, with two different topics, you will need two different essay samples.As with any essay, you need to have at least three important things to b egin with. These three things will help you find and identify your target audience. When you identify your target audience, then you can start to research and read articles that address those issues that you identified.The reflective essay sample that explain the process to choose three articles can also be used when you are writing your essay to talk about an issue that you have experienced. I used this approach in one of my college essays when I was writing about how my parents supported me during my first semester of college.In that particular case, I needed to find an article on personal finance. The three things that I could use were to use the article source as my topic and I was able to narrow the topic down from financial concerns to personal finance. After identifying that topic, I started looking for some articles to apply.Then, I went on Google and searched for articles that discussed the topics I identified. I found many articles, but not all of them were relevant to my topic. It is always important to keep your essay ideas fresh so that you are not stuck by the time limit that you set for yourself.

Archaeological Evidence for Domesticating Potatoes

Archaeological Evidence for Domesticating Potatoes Potato (Solanum tuberosum) belongs to the Solanaceae family, which also includes tomatoes, eggplants, and chili peppers. Potato is currently the second widest used staple crop in the world. It was first domesticated in South America, in the Andean highlands, between Peru and Bolivia, more than 10,000 years ago. Different species of potato (solanum) exist, but the most common worldwide is the S. tuberosum ssp. Tuberosum. This species was introduced in Europe in the mid-1800s from Chile when a fungus disease almost completely destroyed S. tuberosum ssp. andigena, the original species imported by the Spanish directly from the Andes in the 1500s. The edible part of the potato is its root, called tuber. Because the tuber of wild potatoes contains poisonous alkaloids, one of the first steps made by ancient Andean farmers toward domestication was to select and replant a variety with low alkaloid contents. Also, since wild tubers are quite small, farmers also selected the bigger examples. Archaeological Evidence of Potato Cultivation Archaeological evidence suggests that people were consuming potatoes in the Andes as early as 13,000 years ago. In the Tres Ventanas Cave in the Peruvian highlands, several root remains, including S. tuberosum, have been recorded and direct-dated to 5800 cal B.C. (C14 calibrated date) Also, remains of 20 potato tubers, both white and sweet potato, dating between 2000 and 1200 B.C. have been found in the trash middens of four archaeological sites in the Casma Valley, on the coast of Peru. Finally, in an Inca period site near Lima, called Pachacamac, pieces of charcoal have been found within the remains of potato tubers suggesting that one of the possible preparation of this tuber involved baking. Potatoes Around the World Although this may be due to a lack of data, current evidence indicates that the spread of potatoes from Andean highlands to the coast and the rest of the Americas was a slow process. Potatoes reached Mexico by 3000-2000 B.C., probably passing through Lower Central America or the Caribbean Islands. In Europe and North America, the South American root arrived only in the 16th and 17th century, respectively, after its importation by the first Spanish explorers. Sources Hancock, James, F., 2004, Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species. Second Edition. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA Ugent Donald, Sheila Pozoroski and Thomas Pozoroski, 1982, Archaeological Potato Tuber Remains from the Casma Valley of Peru, Economic Botany, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 182-192.

The Evolution of the First Tetrapods

The Evolution of the First Tetrapods Its one of the iconic images of evolution: 400 or so million years ago, way back in the prehistoric mists of geologic time, a brave fish crawls laboriously out of the water and onto land, representing the first wave of a vertebrate invasion that leads to dinosaurs, mammals, and human beings. Logically speaking, of course, we dont owe any more thanks to the first tetrapod (Greek for four feet) than we do to the first bacterium or the first sponge, but something about this plucky critter still tugs at our heartstrings. As is so often the case, this romantic image doesnt quite match up with evolutionary reality. Between 350 and 400 million years ago, various prehistoric fish crawled out of the water at various times, making it nearly impossible to identify the direct ancestor of modern vertebrates. In fact, many of the most celebrated early tetrapods had seven or eight digits at the end of each limb and, because modern animals adhere strictly to the five-toed body plan, that means these tetrapods represented an evolutionary dead end from the perspective of the prehistoric amphibians that followed them. Origins The earliest tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fishes, which differed in important ways from ray-finned fishes. While ray-finned fishes are the most common type of fish in the ocean  today, the only lobe-finned fish on the planet are lungfish and coelacanths, the latter of which were thought to have gone extinct tens of millions of years ago until a live specimen turned up in 1938. The bottom fins of lobe-finned fishes are arranged in pairs and supported by internal bones- the necessary conditions for these fins to evolve into primitive legs. Lobe-finned fishes of the Devonian period were already able to breathe air, when necessary, via spiracles in their skulls. Experts differ about the environmental pressures  that prompted lobe-finned fish to evolve into walking, breathing tetrapods, but one theory is that the shallow lakes and rivers these fish lived in were subject to drought, favoring species that could survive in dry conditions. Another theory has it that the earliest tetrapods were literally chased out of the water by bigger fish- dry land harbored an abundance of insect and plant food, and a marked absence of dangerous predators. Any lobe-finned fish that blundered onto land would have found itself in a veritable paradise. In evolutionary terms, its hard to distinguish between the most advanced lobe-finned fish and the most primitive tetrapods. Three important genera nearer the fish end of the spectrum were Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, and Osteolopis, which spent all of their time in the water yet had latent tetrapod characteristics. Until recently, these tetrapod ancestors nearly all hailed from fossil deposits in the northern Atlantic, but the discovery of Gogonasus in Australia has put the kibosh on the theory that land-dwelling animals originated in the northern hemisphere. Early Tetrapods and Fishapods Scientists once agreed that the earliest true tetrapods dated from about 385 to 380 million years ago. That has all changed with the recent discovery of tetrapod track marks in Poland that date to 397 million years ago, which would effectively dial back the evolutionary calendar by 12 million years. If confirmed, this discovery will prompt some revision in the evolutionary consensus. As you can see, tetrapod evolution is far from written in stone- tetrapods evolved numerous times, in different places. Still, there are a few early tetrapod species that are regarded as more-or-less definitive by experts. The most important of these is Tiktaalik, which is thought to have been perched midway between the tetrapod-like lobe-finned fishes and the later, true tetrapods. Tiktaalik was blessed with the primitive equivalent of wrists- which may have helped it to prop itself up on its stubby front fins along the edges of shallow lakes- as well as a true neck, providing it with much-needed flexibility and mobility during its quick jaunts onto dry land. Because of its mix of tetrapod and fish characteristics, Tiktaalik is often referred to as a fishapod, a name that is also sometimes applied to advanced lobe-finned fish like Eusthenopteron and Panderichthys. Another important fishapod was Ichthyostega, which lived about five million years after Tiktaalik and achieved similarly respectable sizes- about five feet long and 50 pounds. True Tetrapods Until the recent discovery of Tiktaalik, the most famous of all the early tetrapods was Acanthostega, which dated to about 365 million years ago. This slender creature had relatively well-developed limbs, as well as such fishy features as a lateral sensory line running along the length of its body. Other, similar tetrapods of this general time and place included Hynerpeton, Tulerpeton, and Ventastega. Paleontologists once believed that these late Devonian tetrapods spent significant amounts of their time on dry land, but they are now thought to have been primarily or even totally aquatic, only using their legs and primitive breathing apparatuses when absolutely necessary. The most significant finding about these tetrapods was the number of digits on their front and hind limbs: anywhere from 6 to 8, a strong indication that they couldnt have been the ancestors of later five-toed tetrapods and their mammalian, avian, and reptilian descendants. Romers Gap Theres a 20-million-year-long stretch of time in the early Carboniferous period that has yielded very few vertebrate fossils. Known as Romers Gap, this blank period in the fossil record has been used to support Creationist doubt in the theory of evolution, but it is easily explainable by the fact that fossils only form in very special conditions. Romers Gap particularly affects our knowledge of tetrapod evolution because, when we pick up the story 20 million years later (about 340 million years ago), there is a profusion of tetrapod species that can be grouped into different families, some coming very close to being true amphibians. Among the notable post-gap tetrapods are the tiny Casineria, which had five-toed feet; the eel-like Greererpeton, which may already have de-evolved from its more land-oriented tetrapod ancestors; and the salamander-like Eucritta melanolimnetes, otherwise known as the creature from the Black Lagoon, from Scotland. The diversity of later tetrapods is evidence that a lot must have happened, evolution-wise, during Romers Gap. Fortunately, we have been able to fill in some of the blanks of Romers Gap in recent years. The skeleton of Pederpes was discovered in 1971 and, three decades later, further investigation by tetrapod expert Jennifer Clack dated it smack to the middle of Romers Gap. Significantly, Pederpes had forward-facing feet with five toes and a narrow skull, characteristics seen in later amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. A similar species active during Romers Gap was the large-tailed Whatcheeria, which seems to have spent most of its time in the water.